... What manner of amateurs made and approved the decision to map semantically and often medically imprecise, and often deliberately overstated or misused billing codes to diagnoses, and then display the diagnostic terms to a user - ANY user, patient or "learned intermediary" - in an electronic health record?
Here are the de-identified details:
A clinician participated in a psychiatry team meeting.
The patient was in attendance and had dutifully been reviewing the treatment plan and records. The patient was upset that the Axis I diagnoses included “inhalant abuse.”
In fact, here’s what the patient's EMR-generated record indicated:
“305.90 CAFFEINE INTOXICATION, INHALANT ABUSE, OTHER (OR UNKNOWN) SUBSTANCE ABUSE, PHEN”
[PHEN = phencyclidine, a.k.a. PCP or "Angel Dust" - ed.]
The problem was that individual diagnoses are inexplicably conflated, leaving the user no choice but to select an overly broad, insufficiently "granular" diagnosis code. The EMR diagnosis dataset did not correctly reflect the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the "Bible" of psychiatric diagnosis published by the American Psychiatric Association.
(What about all of the people who have a history of “caffeine intoxication” but now also have a history of “inhalant abuse” because of the EMR's forcing diagnostic "blur" onto its users, the clinician wondered?)
The patient understandably interpreted the document as indicating that they had a history of “inhalant abuse,” and wanted it changed. (They probably would also have thought the document indicated they abused Angel Dust if they'd known what "PHEN" stood for.) The patient does have a history of substance abuse, but not inhalant abuse, and the clinician's progress notes reflected these facts.
The patient was upset in part because they didn't want something in the records that was inaccurate and/or could be misconstrued by someone in the future (e.g., law enforcement, the courts, an employer, a spouse, etc.)
The team and the clinician spoke with the patient, apologized for the inaccuracy about a history of “inhalant abuse,” acknowledged that there was no such history in the progress notes, indicated that the “other (or unknown) substance abuse” part was correct (with which the patient agreed), and offered to write a separate update note to reflect exactly what was meant in the diagnostic section. The clinician also indicated that they would follow up with leadership to see that the EMR was corrected so that this type of problem would not continue.
One wonders what other diagnoses were conflated.
The prevention of this type of problem is obvious to those who know even a smattering about medicine and medical information science (e.g., Medical Informatics). There should have been separate entries/options in the EMR such as follows, not one entry with all of them packed together, e.g.:
305.90 Caffeine Intoxication
305.90 Inhalant Abuse
305.90 Other (or unknown) Substance Abuse
305.90 Phencyclidine Abuse
Each diagnosis should be a separate user option, as reflected in the DSM. They should not be “bundled together” into one package as they are, forcing the user to enter incorrect diagnostic information that comes with the "bundle." Clinicians do not think in terms of "diagnostic bundles", nor does medicine work that way. Worst of all, the blurred information may at some time cause clinical or social harm to the victim.
This is a commercially sold EMR in wide use in some practices and even entire municipal health services departments. The conflation of diagnoses codes reflects a major design error for the convenience of the designers/programmers (I can think of no other valid reason).
This "feature" reflects a clear lack of comprehension of medicine and the social/societal implications by the EMR-merchant company of ill conceived blunders such as this.
-- SS
2/7/11
Addendum: a witness to these affairs indicates that, while the IT department is opaque and doesn’t readily ‘open the curtains’ for clinicians to ‘see’ what’s going on [typical - ed.], in this case faulty vendor design apparently led to implementation “workarounds” that led to the incorrect/bad outcomes. In other words, problems on top of problems led to more problems, in their words.
